![]() Familiar with psychoanalysis theories, Joyce (1882–1941) presents his later works, Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939) not pervert but more neurotic in style. In other words, an individual, bearing a normless personality, “stubbornly rejects all conventional rules and standards” ( Horney, 2013). Thus, as an individual sheds social norms, he or she experiences alienation, isolation, and estrangement both in public and private settings. ![]() In contrast, normlessness represents a condition where “the social norms regulating individual conduct have broken down or are no longer effective as rules for behavior” ( Seeman, 1993). According to Shah, “many of the problems of personality as well as society are mostly the problems of non-conformity to norms” ( Shah, 2017). ![]() They are expectations of an individual’s behaviors, which take “the form of a rule that is socially rather than formally enforced” ( Durkheim, 1984). Norms are behavioral standards and obligational states that individuals must adhere to. ![]()
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